The environment provides two types of situations for an individual that determine behavior: positive and negative. Learning only takes place where there is either positive or negative reinforcement. We exhibit or inhibit behaviors because of the ramifications given to those behaviors.

Techniques:

- Biofeedback
- Problem identification and assessment
- Guided imagery
- Systematic desensitization
- Role playing/rehearsal
- Self-monitoring
- Exposure therapy
- Token economy
- Diversion
- Biofeedback
- Response cost
- Thought stopping
- Shaping
- Aversion therapy

Behavioral modification derives from operant conditioning; the objective is to increase desirable behaviors or to reduce objectionable behaviors.